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|common_languages = |religion = |government_type = |title_leader = Sultan |leader1 = Osman I (first) |year_leader1 = 1299–1326 |leader2 = Mehmed VI (last) |year_leader2 = 1918–1922 |title_representative= Caliph |year_representative1= 1362–1389 |representative1 = Murad I (first) |year_representative2= 1922–1924 |representative2 = Abdülmecid II (last) |title_deputy = Grand Vizier |deputy1 = Alaeddin Pasha (first) |year_deputy1 = 1320–1331 |deputy2 = Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (last) |year_deputy2 = 1920–1922 |legislature = General Assembly |house1 = Senate |type_house1 = |house2 = Chamber of Deputies |type_house2 = |event_start = Founded |year_start = 1299 |date_start = |event_end = Republic of Turkey established〔The Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. On 1 November 1922, the Grand National Assembly (GNAT) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul were null and void as of 16 March 1920, the date of the occupation of Constantinople under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. The international recognition of the GNAT and the Government of Ankara was achieved through the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the "Republic" on 29 October 1923, which ended the Ottoman Empire in history.〕 |year_end = 1923 |date_end = 29 October |event1 = Interregnum |date_event1 = 1402–1414 |event2 = Transformation from sultanate to empire |date_event2 = 1453 |event3 = 1st Constitutional |date_event3 = 1876–1878 |event4 = 2nd Constitutional |date_event4 = 1908–1920 |event5 = Sultanate abolished〔Mehmed VI, the last Sultan, was expelled from Constantinople on 17 November 1922.〕 |date_event5 = 1 November 1922 |event_post = Caliphate abolished |date_post = 3 March 1924 |stat_year1 = 1683 |ref_area1 = |stat_area1 = 5200000 |stat_year2 = 1914 |stat_area2 = 1800000 |ref_area2 = 〔Dündar, Orhan; Dündar, Erhan, 1.Dünya Savaşı, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-11-1643-0〕 |stat_year3 = 1856 |stat_pop3 = 35350000 |stat_year4 = 1906 |stat_pop4 = 20884000 |stat_year5 = 1912 |stat_pop5 = 24000000 |ref_pop5 = |stat_year6 = 1914 |stat_pop6 = 18520000 |stat_year7 = 1919 |stat_pop7 = 14629000 |currency = Akçe, Para, Sultani, Kuruş, Lira |p1 = Sultanate of RumSultanate of Rum |flag_p1 = Seljuqs Eagle.svg |p2 = Anatolian beyliks |flag_p2 = Anadolu Beylikleri.png |p3 = Byzantine Empire |flag_p3 = Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg |p4 = Despotate of Epirus Despotate of Epirus |flag_p4 = Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg |p5 = Kingdom of BosniaKingdom of Bosnia |flag_p5 = Grb Kotromanica.jpg |p6 = Second Bulgarian EmpireSecond Bulgarian Empire |flag_p6 = Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg |p7 = Serbian EmpireSerbian Empire |flag_p7 = Flag of the Serbian Empire, reconstruction.svg |p8 = Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538)Kingdom of Hungary |flag_p8 = Coat of Arms of Hungary Historic Design.png |p9 = Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)Kingdom of Croatia |flag_p9 = Coa Croatia Country History (Fojnica Armorial).svg |p10 = Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)Mamluk Sultanate |flag_p10 = Mameluke Flag.svg |p11 = Hafsid dynastyHafsid dynasty |flag_p11 = Tunis hafsid flag.png |p12 = History of Malta under the Order of Saint JohnHospitallers of Tripolitania |flag_p12 = Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.svg |p13 = Kingdom of TlemcenKingdom of Tlemcen |flag_p13 = Dz tlem2.gif |p14 = Empire of TrebizondEmpire of Trebizond |flag_p14 = Komnenos-Trebizond-Arms.svg |p15 = Despotate of the MoreaDespotate of the Morea |flag_p15 = Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg |p16 = Zeta under the CrnojevićiZeta |flag_p16 = Coat of arms of the house of Crnojevic.svg |s1 = Government of the Grand National AssemblyTurkish Prov. Gov. |flag_s1 = Ottoman flag alternative 2.svg |s2 = First Hellenic RepublicHellenic Republic |flag_s2 = Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg |s3 = Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)Caucasus Viceroyalty |flag_s3 = Flag of Russia.svg |s4 = Condominium of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina |flag_s4 = Flag of Bosnia (1878-1908).svg |s5 = Principality of SerbiaSerbia |flag_s5 = Flag of Serbia (1835).svg |s6 = Provisional Government of AlbaniaAlbania |flag_s6 = Flag of Albanian Provisional Government 1912-1914.gif |s7 = Kingdom of RomaniaRomania |flag_s7 = Flag of Romania.svg |s8 = Principality of BulgariaBulgaria |flag_s8 = Flag of Bulgaria.svg |s9 = Occupied Enemy Territory AdministrationOETA |flag_s9 = Flags of France and the UK.png |s10 = Mandatory Iraq |flag_s10 = Flag of Iraq (1924–1959).svg |s11 = Kingdom of HejazHejaz |flag_s11 = Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg |s12 = French Algeria |flag_s12 = Flag of France.svg |s13 = British Cyprus (1914–1960)British Cyprus |flag_s13 = Flag of Cyprus (1922-1960).svg |s14 = French protectorate of TunisiaFrench Tunisia |flag_s14 = Pre-1999 Flag of Tunisia.svg |s16 = Italian North Africa |flag_s16 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg |s17 = Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait |flag_s17 = Flag of Kuwait (1915-1956).svg |s18 = Mutawakkilite Kingdom of YemenKingdom of Yemen |flag_s18 = Flag of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.svg |today = }}}} The Ottoman Empire (; ''Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye'', Modern Turkish: ), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ottoman Empire )〕 After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.〔The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan and Caliph, such as the declaration by the Sultan of Aceh in 1565, or through temporary acquisitions of islands such as Lanzarote in the Atlantic Ocean in 1585, (Turkish Navy Official Website: "Atlantik'te Türk Denizciliği" )〕 With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks.〔Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820〕 The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of the conflict resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Independence war, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states. == Name == (詳細はanglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ''ʿUthmān'' of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as ''Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye'' (),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ottoman banknote with Arabic script )〕 or alternatively ''Osmanlı Devleti'' ().〔Starting from the 19th century, the name ''Osmanlı Devleti'' (Ottoman State) became popular among the Ottoman citizens and officials. Before the 1800s, the name ''Osmanlı Devleti'' was not officially used, but records show this name was used informally by Ottoman citizens.〕 In Modern Turkish, it is known as ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'' ("Ottoman Empire") or ''Osmanlı Devleti'' ("The Ottoman State"). In the West, the two names "Ottoman Empire" and "Turkey" were often used interchangeably, with "Turkey" being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations.〔For instance, in the Treaty of Bern of October 1874 establishing the General Postal Union (soon to become the Universal Postal Union), only the term ''Turquie'' (Turkey) is used.〕 This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ottoman Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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